An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call stack to the previous method,If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack.This is called exception propagation.
Rule: By default Unchecked Exceptions are forwarded in calling chain (propagated).

Table of Contents

Program of Exception Propagation

1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{ 
2. void m(){ 
3. int data=50/0; 
4. } 
5. void n(){ 
6. m(); 
7. } 
8. void p(){ 
9. try{ 
10. n(); 
11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");} 
12. } 
13. public static void main(String args[]){ 
14. TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1(); 
15. obj.p(); 
16. System.out.println("normal flow..."); 
17. } 
18. }

Output:exception handled
normal flow…

java 78

In the above example exception occurs in m() method where it is not handled,so it is propagated to previous n() method where it is not handled, again it is propagated to p() method where exception is handled.
Exception can be handled in any method in call stack either in main() method,p() method,n() method or m() method.
Rule: By default, Checked Exceptions are not forwarded in calling chain (propagated).

Program which describes that checked exceptions are not propagated

1. class TestExceptionPropagation2{ 
2. void m(){ 
3. throw new java.io.IOException("device error");//checked exception 
4. } 
5. void n(){ 
6. m(); 
7. } 
8. void p(){ 
9. try{ 
10. n(); 
11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handeled");} 
12. } 
13. public static void main(String args[]){ 
14. TestExceptionPropagation2 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation2(); 
15. obj.p(); 
16. System.out.println("normal flow"); 
17. } 
18. }

Output:Compile Time Error

Java throw exception

Java throw keyword

The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.
We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.
The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.
1. throw exception;
Let’s see the example of throw IOException.
1. throw new IOException(“sorry device error);

java throw keyword example

In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If the age is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message welcome to vote.

1. public class TestThrow1{ 
2. static void validate(int age){ 
3. if(age<18) 
4. throw new ArithmeticException("not valid"); 
5. else 
6. System.out.println("welcome to vote"); 
7. } 
8. public static void main(String args[]){ 
9. validate(13); 
10. System.out.println("rest of the code..."); 
11. } 
12. }

Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:not valid

Java throws keyword

The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.
Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any unchecked exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not performing check up before the code being used.

Syntax of java throws

1. return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name{ 
2. //method code 
3. }

Which exception should be declared

Ans) checked exception only, because:
• unchecked Exception: under your control so correct your code.
• error: beyond your control e.g. you are unable to do anything if there occurs VirtualMachineError or StackOverflowError.

Advantage of Java throws keyword

Now Checked Exception can be propagated (forwarded in call stack).
It provides information to the caller of the method about the exception.
Java throws example
Let’s see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be propagated by throws keyword.

1. import java.io.IOException; 
2. class Testthrows1{ 
3. void m()throws IOException{ 
4. throw new IOException("device error");//checked exception 
5. } 
6. void n()throws IOException{ 
7. m(); 
8. } 
9. void p(){ 
10. try{ 
11. n(); 
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");} 
13. } 
14. public static void main(String args[]){ 
15. Testthrows1 obj=new Testthrows1(); 
16. obj.p(); 
17. System.out.println("normal flow..."); 
18. } 
19. }

Output:
exception handled
normal flow…

Rule: If you are calling a method that declares an exception, you must either caught or declare the exception.

There are two cases:
1. Case1:You caught the exception i.e. handle the exception using try/catch.
2. Case2:You declare the exception i.e. specifying throws with the method.

Case1: You handle the exception

• In case you handle the exception, the code will be executed fine whether exception occurs during the program or not.

1. import java.io.*; 
2. class M{ 
3. void method()throws IOException{ 
4. throw new IOException("device error"); 
5. } 
6. } 
7. public class Testthrows2{ 
8. public static void main(String args[]){ 
9. try{ 
10. M m=new M(); 
11. m.method(); 
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");} 
13. 
14. System.out.println("normal flow..."); 
15. } 
16. }

Output:exception handled
normal flow…

Case2: You declare the exception

• A)In case you declare the exception, if exception does not occur, the code will be executed fine.
• B)In case you declare the exception if exception occures, an exception will be thrown at runtime because throws does not handle the exception.

A)Program if exception does not occur

1. import java.io.*; 
2. class M{ 
3. void method()throws IOException{ 
4. System.out.println("device operation performed"); 
5. } 
6. } 
7. class Testthrows3{ 
8. public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{//declare exception 
9. M m=new M(); 
10. m.method(); 
11. 
12. System.out.println("normal flow..."); 
13. } 
14. }

Output:device operation performed
normal flow…

B)Program if exception occurs

1. import java.io.*; 
2. class M{ 
3. void method()throws IOException{ 
4. throw new IOException("device error"); 
5. } 
6. } 
7. class Testthrows4{ 
8. public static void main(String args[])throws IOException{//declare exception 
9. M m=new M(); 
10. m.method(); 
11. 
12. System.out.println("normal flow..."); 
13. } 
14. }

Output:Runtime Exception

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